Frankish power reached its fullest extent under Charlemagne. The Frankish king Clovis I united most of Gaul under his rule in the late 5th century, setting the stage for Frankish dominance in the region for hundreds of years. In the later stages of the Roman Empire, Gaul was subject to barbarian raids and migration, most importantly by the Germanic Franks.
Afterwards a Gallo-Roman culture emerged and Gaul was increasingly integrated into the Roman Empire. The Roman Republic annexed southern Gaul as the province of Gallia Narbonensis in the late 2nd century BC, and Roman Legions under Julius Caesar conquered the rest of Gaul in the Gallic Wars of 58–51 BC. Over the course of the first millennium BC the Greeks, Romans and Carthaginians established colonies on the Mediterranean coast and the offshore islands. The Gauls, the largest and best attested group, were Celtic people speaking what is known as the Gaulish language.
Greek writers noted the presence of three main ethno-linguistic groups in the area: the Gauls, the Aquitani, and the Belgae. What is now France made up the bulk of the region known to the Romans as Gaul. The first written records for the history of France appeared in the Iron Age.
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